What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Triglycerides and Cholesterol: 10/10 evidence, 11 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Higher Triglycerides and Cholesterol Risk
This genotype is associated with significantly higher fasting triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. It may also lead to lower levels of protective HDL cholesterol.
What this genotype means: Significantly elevated fasting triglycerides; Higher LDL and total cholesterol; Lower protective HDL cholesterol.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/T
Moderately Elevated Triglycerides and Cholesterol
This genotype is associated with moderately elevated fasting triglycerides and total cholesterol. It represents an intermediate lipid profile between the protective and high-risk genotypes.
What this genotype means: Moderately elevated fasting triglycerides; Slightly higher LDL and total cholesterol.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Typical Triglycerides and Favorable Lipid Profile
This genotype is associated with the lowest fasting triglyceride levels and a more favorable overall cholesterol profile. It carries a lower risk for genetic lipid elevations.
What this genotype means: Lowest average fasting triglycerides; Favorable LDL and total cholesterol levels; Higher protective HDL cholesterol.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The ZPR1 gene, also known as ZNF259, encodes a zinc finger protein that is highly conserved across species. It is physically clustered next to the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene on chromosome 11, a region crucial for regulating blood lipids [1]. ZPR1 interacts with eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A and plays a role in cell cycle progression and signal transduction. Because of its close proximity and linkage disequilibrium with the APOA5 gene, genetic variations in ZPR1 are strongly associated with lipid levels [2]. Studies suggest that this gene cluster influences how the body packages and clears fats from the bloodstream [1].
Variant Impact: The rs3741298 variant is an intronic change located within the ZPR1 gene. This genetic marker is in strong linkage disequilibrium with functional variants in the neighboring APOA5 gene, which directly regulates triglyceride clearance [1]. The C allele of rs3741298 is consistently associated with higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol [3]. Conversely, the T allele is linked to higher levels of HDL, the protective cholesterol [2]. This variant also influences how individuals respond to lipid-lowering therapies, particularly combination treatments [1].
Key Insight: This variant is located in a highly active gene cluster on chromosome 11 that acts as a major control center for how your body processes dietary fats and cholesterol.
Location: ZPR1. Chromosome 11 · 11q23.3 · 116.8 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 8.2%; European 4.1%; African 11.4%; East Asian 16.8%; South Asian 11.0%; Americas 16.4%; Ashkenazi 6.0%; Finnish 5.3%; Middle Eastern 11.6%; Amish 7.8%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 38.8%; European 32.4%; African 44.7%; East Asian 48.4%; South Asian 44.3%; Americas 48.2%; Ashkenazi 36.9%; Finnish 35.5%; Middle Eastern 44.9%; Amish 40.2%.
Estimated CT genotype frequency.
Global 53.0%; European 63.5%; African 43.9%; East Asian 34.8%; South Asian 44.7%; Americas 35.4%; Ashkenazi 57.1%; Finnish 59.1%; Middle Eastern 43.5%; Amish 52.1%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Lipids & Cholesterol
Triglycerides. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Elevated Levels.
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34610981. Elevated Levels.
HDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Lower Levels.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Elevated Levels.
Pharmacogenomics
Lipid-Lowering Drug Response
Lipid-Lowering Drug Response. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Stronger Response.
Showing effects for C/T genotype
Triglycerides. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Moderately Elevated.
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34610981. Slightly Elevated.
HDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Slightly Lower.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Slightly Elevated.
Lipid-Lowering Drug Response. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Moderate Response.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Triglycerides. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Typical Levels.
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34610981. Typical Levels.
HDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Typical Levels.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 29507422. Typical Levels.
Lipid-Lowering Drug Response. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 21889769. Typical Response.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the C allele is linked to the highest average fasting triglyceride levels compared to other genotypes [1]. This genetic profile is also associated with elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol [2]. These lipid elevations are primarily driven by the close genetic linkage between ZPR1 and the neighboring APOA5 gene, which regulates how efficiently the body clears fats from the blood [1]. Interestingly, individuals with this genotype may show a more pronounced positive response to combination therapy with statins and fenofibric acid [1]. Managing dietary fat intake and maintaining an active lifestyle are particularly important for individuals with this genetic profile to support cardiovascular health.
Significantly elevated fasting triglycerides; Higher LDL and total cholesterol; Lower protective HDL cholesterol.
Sample genotype: CT (Heterozygous)
Carrying one copy of the C allele and one copy of the T allele typically results in an intermediate lipid profile [1]. Fasting triglyceride levels are moderately higher than those of the T/T genotype but lower than the C/C genotype [1]. This pattern of intermediate risk also extends to total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol levels [2]. The intermediate effect is due to having one copy of the protective T allele and one copy of the risk-associated C allele, which influences the expression of the nearby APOA5 lipid-clearing gene [1]. Individuals with this genotype may also experience a moderate benefit from combination lipid-lowering therapies if prescribed [1]. Standard heart-healthy dietary habits and regular exercise are effective ways to help keep lipid levels in a healthy range.
Moderately elevated fasting triglycerides; Slightly higher LDL and total cholesterol.
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with the lowest average fasting triglyceride levels among the three genotypes [1]. This genetic profile is also linked to lower total cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol, and higher levels of protective HDL cholesterol [2]. These favorable lipid levels are driven by the efficient clearance of fats from the bloodstream, supported by the nearby APOA5 gene region [1]. Because this genotype avoids the genetic risk of elevated lipids, it is considered protective against lipid-related cardiovascular risks. While individuals with this profile may show a slightly less dramatic percentage change when treated with combination lipid therapies, their baseline levels are typically much healthier to begin with [1]. Maintaining standard healthy lifestyle choices is usually sufficient to support optimal cardiovascular wellness.
Lowest average fasting triglycerides; Favorable LDL and total cholesterol levels; Higher protective HDL cholesterol.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs964184 · ZPR1 Gene · Chr 11 · Triglyceride and Heart Risk
rs2075290 · ZPR1 Gene · Chr 11 · Triglyceride Levels
rs6589566 · ZPR1 Gene · Chr 11 · Triglyceride Levels
A large electronic-health-record-based genome-wide study of serum lipids.
Content updated August 2026.
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