Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Conjugated estrogens are a mixture of oestrogens, originally extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. They are used as menopausal hormone therapy for hot flushes and vaginal dryness and to prevent osteoporosis, often combined with a progestogen in women who have a womb (Prempro), and as a vaginal cream. They are sold as Premarin.
Oestrogens are broken down by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 and conjugated by SULT and UGT enzymes. Studies have looked at the transporter SLCO1B1, the oestrogen receptor gene ESR1, SULT1A1 and VDR for levels, bone density response and side effects. The findings come from a few studies, and there is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Conjugated Estrogens. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
ESR1 rs9340799: Level 3. Efficacy. 1.
SULT1A1 rs1042028: Level 3. Toxicity: Endometrial Neoplasms. 1.
SLCO1B1 SLCO1B1*1, SLCO1B1*12, SLCO1B1*13: Level 3. Metabolism/PK. 1.
VDR rs1544410: Level 3. Efficacy. 1.
Studies of how quickly the body processes this medication.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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