Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Beta blockers are a class of medicines that block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, slowing the heart and lowering blood pressure. The class includes metoprolol, bisoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol, propranolol, nebivolol and others, used for high blood pressure, angina, heart failure, after a heart attack, for irregular heart rhythms, and some for migraine, tremor and anxiety. This page collects studies on beta blockers as a group.
Studies of the class as a whole have looked at the beta-receptor genes ADRB1 (its Arg389Gly variant) and ADRB2, and at GRK5, which switches beta receptors off, for blood pressure and heart failure outcomes; the results are mixed. The firm gene evidence is for individual medicines broken down by CYP2D6, above all metoprolol, which has CPIC and DPWG guidelines on its own page.
Every published finding on gene variants and Beta Blockers. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
GRK5 rs2230345: Level 3. Efficacy: Heart Diseases. 2.
ADRA2C rs61767072: Level 3. Efficacy: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Death. 2.
PPARA rs4253778: Level 3. Efficacy: Coronary Disease. 1.
NOS3 rs1799983: Level 3. Efficacy: Heart Failure. 1.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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