Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain. The main groups are simple pain relievers such as paracetamol, the NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and diclofenac, and the opioids such as morphine and oxycodone; some antidepressants and anticonvulsants are also used for nerve pain. This page collects studies on pain relievers as a group.
Studies of pain relievers as a group have looked at genes of pain signalling and reward, such as the opioid receptor gene OPRM1, COMT, KCNJ6 and dopamine genes, for how much pain relief people needed. The findings are weak and inconsistent. The firm gene evidence is for individual medicines, such as CYP2D6 for codeine and tramadol and CYP2C9 for several NSAIDs, each on its own page with its guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Analgesics. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
KCNJ6 rs2070995: Level 3. Efficacy: Pain. 2.
OPRM1 rs1799971: Level 3. Other: Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. 1.
DBH rs1611115: Level 3. Other: Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. 1.
BDNF rs6265: Level 3. Other. 1.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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