Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most widely used medicines for pain and fever. How it works is still not fully understood; it seems to act mainly in the brain and spinal cord, with only weak anti-inflammatory action. It is used for headache, muscle pain, toothache, colds and fever, and is in many combination products. It is sold as Tylenol, Panadol and many other names.
Paracetamol is cleared mainly by the UGT and SULT enzymes, which attach sugar or sulphate groups to it, and a small part is turned by CYP2E1 into a toxic product that glutathione normally neutralises; that product causes liver damage in overdose. Studies have looked at UGT1A, UGT2B15, SULT1A1 and others for blood levels and liver effects, with weaker evidence. There is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Acetaminophen. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
UGT1A;UGT1A9 rs8330: Level 3. Toxicity: Liver Failure, Acute. 2.
PLCG1 rs2228246: Level 3. Toxicity. 1.
SULT1A3 rs762151655: Level 3. Metabolism/PK. 1.
SULT1A3 rs750575779: Level 3. Metabolism/PK. 1.
Studies of how quickly the body processes this medication.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Studies of how much of the drug people needed or tolerated.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Analgesics (class) (Analgesics)
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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