What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk: 10/10 evidence, 55 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Typical Diabetes Risk and Standard Metabolic Baseline
Standard blood sugar regulation and typical metabolic baselines characterize this common genetic profile. There is no inherited reduction in type 2 diabetes risk or alteration in height from this variant.
What this genotype means: Standard risk of type 2 diabetes; Typical adult height; Baseline lipid and blood pressure levels.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Significantly Lowered Diabetes Risk and Taller Stature
Possessing two copies of the protective G allele is extremely rare and offers maximum genetic protection against type 2 diabetes. This profile is also associated with increased adult height, slightly higher body mass index, and a modest increase in atrial fibrillation risk.
What this genotype means: Dramatically lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Increased adult height; Slightly higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/G
Halved Diabetes Risk and Taller Stature
Possessing one copy of the protective G allele significantly reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes and is linked to taller adult height. This profile also correlates with slightly higher body mass index and a minor increase in atrial fibrillation risk.
What this genotype means: Approximately 50% lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Increased adult height; Slightly higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The CCND2 gene encodes cyclin D2, a crucial regulator of cell cycle progression and cell division. It plays a pivotal role in the growth and duplication of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for secreting insulin. Studies show that variations in CCND2 expression directly impact the body's capacity to produce insulin in response to glucose challenges [1]. Increased expression of this gene promotes beta-cell proliferation, enhancing overall pancreatic function and insulin secretory capacity [2]. Consequently, CCND2 is a major focus of research into metabolic health, diabetes prevention, and regenerative medicine.
Variant Impact: The rs76895963 variant is an intron change located within the CCND2 gene on chromosome 12. This genetic variation influences the expression levels of cyclin D2, thereby altering pancreatic beta-cell activity and insulin secretion. The minor G allele is associated with increased CCND2 expression, which enhances insulin release and significantly lowers blood sugar levels [1]. Conversely, the major T allele is linked to typical expression levels and standard metabolic baselines [2]. This single-nucleotide change represents one of the most impactful low-frequency variants discovered for metabolic traits.
Key Insight: The rare G allele of this variant reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by half, making it one of the most powerful protective metabolic variants known.
Location: CCND2. Chromosome 12 · 12p13.32 · 4.3 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 97.2%; European 95.6%; African 99.3%; East Asian 100.0%; South Asian 99.4%; Americas 97.9%; Ashkenazi 98.2%; Finnish 94.6%; Middle Eastern 99.3%; Amish 97.2%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Global 2.8%; European 4.3%; African 0.7%; East Asian 0.0%; South Asian 0.6%; Americas 2.1%; Ashkenazi 1.8%; Finnish 5.3%; Middle Eastern 0.7%; Amish 2.8%.
Estimated TG genotype frequency.
Global < 0.1%; European < 0.1%; African < 0.1%; East Asian 0.0%; South Asian < 0.1%; Americas < 0.1%; Ashkenazi < 0.1%; Finnish 0.1%; Middle Eastern < 0.1%; Amish < 0.1%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 32541925. Typical Risk.
Heart Rhythm & Conduction
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40050429. Typical Risk.
Lipids & Cholesterol
Triglycerides. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 32154731. Typical Levels.
Obesity & Body Composition
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30239722. Typical BMI.
Hypertension
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Typical Pressure.
Lifestyle, Fitness & Aging
Height & Body Size
Height. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 28270201. Typical Height.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 32541925. Significantly Lower.
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40050429. Higher Risk.
Triglycerides. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 32154731. Lower Levels.
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30239722. Higher.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Lower.
Height. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 28270201. Taller Stature.
Showing effects for T/G genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 32541925. ~50% Lower Risk.
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40050429. Slightly Higher Risk.
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30239722. Slightly Higher.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Slightly Lower.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
A standard baseline for metabolic health and physical traits is expected with two copies of the common T allele. This genotype is associated with typical pancreatic beta-cell function and standard insulin secretion patterns [1]. Research indicates that individuals with this profile do not benefit from the protective metabolic effects of the rare G allele, resulting in typical risks for type 2 diabetes and standard levels of circulating blood glucose [2]. Lipid profiles, including triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, remain at baseline levels without genetic lowering from this locus [3]. Additionally, this genotype is associated with typical adult height and standard body mass index [4]. Cardiovascular baselines, such as blood pressure and atrial fibrillation risk, are also typical [5].
Standard risk of type 2 diabetes; Typical adult height; Baseline lipid and blood pressure levels.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Two copies of the rare G allele represent an exceptionally uncommon genetic profile that maximizes metabolic protection. This genotype is linked to highly efficient pancreatic beta-cell function and superior insulin secretory capacity [1]. Individuals with this profile have a dramatically reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and lower baseline blood glucose levels [2]. Physical traits are also influenced, with a strong genetic predisposition toward taller adult height [3]. This is accompanied by a tendency for higher body mass index and increased appendicular lean mass [4]. While metabolic and lipid markers like triglycerides are highly favorable, there is a minor increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation [5].
Dramatically lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Increased adult height; Slightly higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
Sample genotype: TG (Heterozygous)
One copy of the rare G allele provides a powerful protective effect against metabolic disorders. Clinical studies show that this genetic profile reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by approximately half [1]. This benefit is primarily driven by enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, leading to lower fasting glucose and HbA1c levels [2]. Alongside these metabolic advantages, this genotype is associated with an average increase in adult height of over one centimeter [3]. However, it also correlates with a slightly higher body mass index and a modest increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation [4]. Lipid markers are generally favorable, with lower circulating triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels observed in carriers [5].
Approximately 50% lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Increased adult height; Slightly higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs3217810 · CCND2 Gene · Chr 12 · Colorectal Cancer Risk
rs11708067 · ADCY5 Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs2066827 · CDKN1B Gene · Chr 12 · Diabetes and Cancer Risk
Leveraging Polygenic Functional Enrichment to Improve GWAS Power.
Polygenic Hyperlipidemias and Coronary Artery Disease Risk.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits.
Content updated August 2026.
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