What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Prostate Cancer Risk: 7/10 evidence, 8 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Higher Prostate Cancer and LDL Cholesterol Risk
Carrying two copies of the C allele is associated with an elevated risk of prostate cancer and higher LDL cholesterol levels. It may also influence the response to certain blood-thinning medications.
What this genotype means: Elevated risk of prostate cancer; Higher baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Potentially reduced warfarin response.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/T
Typical Prostate Cancer and LDL Cholesterol Risk
Carrying one copy of each allele results in typical baseline risks for prostate cancer and average LDL cholesterol levels. Medication responses are generally within the standard expected range.
What this genotype means: Typical risk of prostate cancer; Average baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Typical warfarin response.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Lower Prostate Cancer and LDL Cholesterol Risk
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer and lower LDL cholesterol levels. It is also linked to a standard or slightly stronger response to medication.
What this genotype means: Reduced risk of prostate cancer; Lower baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Standard or slightly stronger warfarin response.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The GGCX gene encodes gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, a critical enzyme responsible for activating vitamin K-dependent proteins [1]. This enzyme plays a central role in the coagulation cascade by modifying clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X so they can bind calcium and function properly [2]. Beyond blood clotting, GGCX is essential for bone metabolism and vascular health by activating osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein [1] [2]. Genetic variations in this gene can alter enzyme activity, influencing how the body processes vitamin K and responds to certain medications [3].
Variant Impact: The rs699664 variant is a missense mutation in exon 8 of the GGCX gene that results in an amino acid substitution from arginine to glutamine at position 325 [3]. This structural change, often referred to as p.Arg325Gln, occurs in a region of the enzyme that may influence its interaction with substrates [3]. While the altered protein remains functional and does not cause severe bleeding disorders, it subtly shifts metabolic baselines [1]. These subtle shifts have been linked to differences in immune cell counts, lipid levels, and drug sensitivity [4].
Key Insight: This variant alters a key enzyme in the vitamin K cycle, subtly influencing both cardiovascular markers and prostate health without disrupting normal blood clotting.
Location: GGCX. Chromosome 2 · 2p11.2 · 85.6 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 38.1%; European 45.1%; African 14.5%; East Asian 45.5%; South Asian 67.2%; Americas 51.1%; Ashkenazi 55.0%; Finnish 43.9%; Middle Eastern 44.0%; Amish 42.1%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 44.1%; European 44.1%; African 47.2%; East Asian 43.9%; South Asian 29.6%; Americas 40.8%; Ashkenazi 38.3%; Finnish 44.7%; Middle Eastern 44.7%; Amish 45.6%.
Estimated CT genotype frequency.
Global 17.8%; European 10.8%; African 38.3%; East Asian 10.6%; South Asian 3.3%; Americas 8.1%; Ashkenazi 6.7%; Finnish 11.4%; Middle Eastern 11.3%; Amish 12.3%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cancer & Oncology
Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Increased Risk.
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Lipids & Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Higher Levels.
Blood Cell & Iron Traits
Eosinophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Higher Count.
Basophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37596262. Higher Count.
Pharmacogenomics
Anticoagulant & Blood Thinner Response
Warfarin Sensitivity. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 23941071. Higher Tolerance.
Showing effects for C/T genotype
Prostate Cancer. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Typical Risk.
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical Levels.
Eosinophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Typical Count.
Basophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37596262. Typical Count.
Warfarin Sensitivity. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 23941071. Typical Response.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Prostate Cancer. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Lower Risk.
LDL Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Lower Levels.
Eosinophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Lower Count.
Basophil Count. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37596262. Lower Count.
Warfarin Sensitivity. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 23941071. Higher Sensitivity.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
Genetic studies indicate that carrying two copies of the C allele at this locus is associated with an increased susceptibility to prostate cancer [1]. This genotype is also linked to higher circulating levels of LDL cholesterol, which is a key marker for cardiovascular health [2]. In the context of anticoagulation therapy, clinical research suggests that individuals with this genetic profile may respond less strongly to warfarin [3]. Additionally, this genotype correlates with slightly higher baseline counts of eosinophils and basophils, which are white blood cells involved in immune and allergic responses [1] [2]. These combined factors suggest a profile that benefits from proactive cardiovascular and prostate health monitoring.
Elevated risk of prostate cancer; Higher baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Potentially reduced warfarin response.
Sample genotype: CT (Heterozygous)
An intermediate genetic profile is established by carrying one C allele and one T allele at this locus. This combination is associated with typical baseline risks for prostate cancer, showing no significant elevation compared to the general population [1]. Similarly, LDL cholesterol levels tend to remain within the average range, presenting a standard cardiovascular risk profile [2]. When undergoing anticoagulant therapy with warfarin, individuals with this genotype typically show a standard, average response, without the reduced response seen in other genetic groups [3]. Baseline immune markers, including eosinophil and basophil counts, also fall within normal, typical ranges [1] [2]. Overall, this genotype represents a balanced, baseline genetic influence on these specific health markers.
Typical risk of prostate cancer; Average baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Typical warfarin response.
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
A protective trend is observed in individuals carrying two copies of the T allele at this locus. This genetic profile is associated with a lower risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those carrying the C allele [1]. Furthermore, this genotype is linked to lower baseline levels of LDL cholesterol, which supports overall cardiovascular wellness [2]. In terms of pharmacogenomics, clinical data indicate that individuals with this genotype do not show the reduced warfarin response seen in those with the C/C genotype, tending instead toward a standard or slightly stronger response [3]. Immune system markers, specifically eosinophil and basophil counts, also tend to be lower, reflecting a typical and balanced immune profile [1] [2]. These findings highlight a generally favorable genetic influence on both metabolic and oncological markers.
Reduced risk of prostate cancer; Lower baseline LDL cholesterol levels; Standard or slightly stronger warfarin response.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs7568458 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Heart and Cancer Risk
rs12714145 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Heart and Prostate Risk
rs11676382 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Warfarin Sensitivity
A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
Content updated August 2026.
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