What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Heart and Prostate Risk: 6/10 evidence, 11 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Typical Heart Failure Risk
You carry two copies of the common C allele, which is associated with a typical baseline risk for heart failure. GGCX takes part in vitamin K recycling, the pathway the blood thinner warfarin acts on, so this gene is among the inputs prescribing guidelines consider.
What this genotype means: Typical baseline risk of heart failure; Typical baseline risk of prostate enlargement; Higher sensitivity to warfarin therapy.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/T
Increased Heart and Prostate Risk
Carrying one copy of the T allele is associated with a slightly higher risk of heart failure and prostate enlargement. You may also be more sensitive to warfarin if it is prescribed.
What this genotype means: Slightly increased risk of heart failure; Slightly increased risk of prostate enlargement; Higher sensitivity to warfarin therapy.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Elevated Heart Failure Risk
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. GGCX takes part in vitamin K recycling, the pathway the blood thinner warfarin acts on, so this gene is among the inputs prescribing guidelines consider.
What this genotype means: Increased risk of heart failure; Increased risk of prostate enlargement; Variable response to warfarin.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The GGCX gene encodes gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, an enzyme that plays a critical role in the vitamin K cycle. This enzyme is responsible for activating vitamin K-dependent proteins, which are essential for blood coagulation and bone metabolism [1]. It modifies specific glutamate residues on target proteins, allowing them to bind calcium [1]. Variations in this gene can alter enzyme activity, impacting how the body processes vitamin K and responds to blood thinners like warfarin [2].
Variant Impact: The rs12714145 variant is an intron variant located within the GGCX gene. Although it does not directly change the amino acid sequence of the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase protein, it is associated with differences in gene expression or splicing. This genetic change has been linked to altered susceptibility to cardiovascular issues and prostate conditions [3]. Additionally, it has been studied for its potential influence on individual sensitivity to warfarin therapy [1].
Key Insight: The same gene that regulates blood clotting also influences your risk of developing an enlarged prostate and heart failure.
Location: GGCX. Chromosome 2 · 2p11.2 · 85.6 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 35.2%; European 36.1%; African 28.4%; East Asian 37.8%; South Asian 41.9%; Americas 43.6%; Ashkenazi 43.3%; Finnish 35.9%; Middle Eastern 45.4%; Amish 31.1%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 48.0%; European 48.0%; African 49.8%; East Asian 47.4%; South Asian 45.7%; Americas 44.9%; Ashkenazi 45.0%; Finnish 48.0%; Middle Eastern 44.0%; Amish 49.3%.
Estimated CT genotype frequency.
Global 16.9%; European 15.9%; African 21.8%; East Asian 14.9%; South Asian 12.5%; Americas 11.5%; Ashkenazi 11.7%; Finnish 16.1%; Middle Eastern 10.7%; Amish 19.6%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Heart Disease
Heart Failure. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 41022758. Typical Risk.
Endocrine & Reproductive
Male Reproductive Health & Fertility
Enlarged Prostate. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical Risk.
Cancer & Oncology
Prostate Cancer
PSA Levels. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical Levels.
Pharmacogenomics
Anticoagulant & Blood Thinner Response
Warfarin Sensitivity. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 15883587. Higher Sensitivity.
Showing effects for C/T genotype
Heart Failure. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 41022758. Increased Risk.
Enlarged Prostate. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Increased Risk.
PSA Levels. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Elevated Levels.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Warfarin Sensitivity. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 15883587. Typical Sensitivity.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the C allele means you do not have the genetic variation linked to elevated cardiovascular and prostate risks at this locus. Large-scale genetic studies have shown that individuals with this genotype maintain typical baseline risks for heart failure [1] and benign prostatic hyperplasia [2]. Furthermore, your prostate-specific antigen levels are expected to be within the typical range [2]. In the context of medication response, clinical studies indicate that individuals with the C/C genotype often exhibit higher sensitivity to the anticoagulant warfarin, meaning it produces a stronger blood-thinning effect at a given amount [3].
Typical baseline risk of heart failure; Typical baseline risk of prostate enlargement; Higher sensitivity to warfarin therapy.
Sample genotype: CT (Heterozygous)
Having one copy of the T allele means you have a slightly elevated genetic predisposition to certain cardiovascular and prostate conditions. Research has linked this genotype to an increased risk of developing heart failure [1] and benign prostatic hyperplasia [2]. Additionally, you may exhibit slightly higher levels of prostate-specific antigen [2]. From a pharmacogenomic perspective, studies have shown that individuals with the C/T genotype tend to have higher sensitivity to warfarin, so the drug produces a stronger effect than in those with the T/T genotype [3].
Slightly increased risk of heart failure; Slightly increased risk of prostate enlargement; Higher sensitivity to warfarin therapy.
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with the highest genetic risk at this locus for several age-related health conditions. Large-scale genomic analyses have demonstrated a significant association between this genotype and an increased susceptibility to heart failure [1]. Men with this genotype are also more likely to experience benign prostatic hyperplasia and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels [2]. When it comes to medication, individuals with the T/T genotype show a more variable and typical response to the blood thinner warfarin compared to C allele carriers, who are generally more sensitive to the drug [3].
Increased risk of heart failure; Increased risk of prostate enlargement; Variable response to warfarin.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs7568458 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Heart and Cancer Risk
rs699664 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Prostate Cancer Risk
rs11676382 · GGCX Gene · Chr 2 · Warfarin Sensitivity
Common VKORC1 and GGCX polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose.
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and its influence on warfarin dose.
Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
Content updated August 2026.
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