What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Blood Pressure and Heart Risk: 10/10 evidence, 72 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): A/A
Typical Blood Pressure and Heart Risk
Two copies of the reference A allele are associated with typical blood pressure levels and a baseline risk of hypertension. This genotype is also linked to a standard response to common blood pressure medications.
What this genotype means: Typical resting blood pressure; Lower risk of hypertension; Standard risk of coronary artery disease.
Sample genotype (not yours): A/G
Slightly Elevated Blood Pressure Risk
Carrying one copy of the G allele is associated with a slight increase in resting blood pressure and a moderately higher risk of hypertension. It may also influence how your body responds to certain cardiovascular medications.
What this genotype means: Slightly higher resting blood pressure; Modestly increased risk of hypertension; Potential for enhanced response to certain blood pressure medications.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Elevated Blood Pressure and Heart Risk
Two copies of the G allele are linked to higher resting blood pressure, an increased risk of hypertension, and a higher likelihood of cardiovascular conditions. However, this genotype may also offer a benefit in power-based athletic performance.
What this genotype means: Higher resting blood pressure; Increased risk of hypertension; Increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The AGT gene encodes angiotensinogen, a precursor protein essential to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [1]. This system is the body's primary hormonal regulator of blood pressure, fluid balance, and sodium retention [1]. Angiotensinogen is cleaved by the enzyme renin to produce angiotensin I, which is subsequently converted into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II [1]. Variations in this gene can alter circulating levels of angiotensinogen, directly impacting vascular tone and arterial pressure [1].
Variant Impact: The rs699 variant, historically known as M235T or Met235Thr, is a missense mutation in the AGT gene that replaces the amino acid methionine with threonine at position 259 [2]. This molecular change is associated with increased baseline levels of circulating angiotensinogen in the blood [1]. Higher levels of this precursor lead to increased production of angiotensin II, which narrows blood vessels and promotes sodium retention [1]. Consequently, this variant is widely studied for its influence on resting blood pressure and cardiovascular risk [1].
Key Insight: While the G allele raises blood pressure and cardiovascular risk, it is also associated with enhanced power and strength athletic performance.
Location: AGT. Chromosome 1 · 1q42.2 · 230.7 Mb
Origin Story: The blood-pressure-raising G allele is highly prevalent in equatorial regions, where its ability to promote sodium retention and maintain blood pressure may have provided an evolutionary advantage in hot climates to prevent dehydration.
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 21.1%; European 33.6%; African 2.9%; East Asian 2.8%; South Asian 14.3%; Americas 13.5%; Ashkenazi 32.5%; Finnish 30.6%; Middle Eastern 25.3%; Amish 32.1%.
Estimated AA genotype frequency.
Global 42.1%; European 48.7%; African 28.2%; East Asian 28.0%; South Asian 47.0%; Americas 46.5%; Ashkenazi 49.0%; Finnish 49.4%; Middle Eastern 50.0%; Amish 49.1%.
Estimated AG genotype frequency.
Global 36.8%; European 17.7%; African 69.0%; East Asian 69.2%; South Asian 38.7%; Americas 40.0%; Ashkenazi 18.5%; Finnish 20.0%; Middle Eastern 24.7%; Amish 18.8%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for A/A genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Hypertension
Systolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 38689001. Typical.
Diastolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 38689001. Typical.
Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 29212778. Typical Risk.
Heart Rhythm & Conduction
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 40645996. Typical Risk.
Lifestyle, Fitness & Aging
Physical Performance & Endurance
Athletic Performance. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 20029521. Typical.
Endocrine & Reproductive
Pregnancy & Birth Complications
Preeclampsia. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 8513325. Typical Risk.
Showing effects for A/G genotype
Systolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 38689001. +0.29 mmHg.
Diastolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 38689001. Slightly Elevated.
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 29212778. Slightly Increased.
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 40645996. Slightly Increased.
Athletic Performance. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 20029521. Enhanced Power.
Preeclampsia. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 8513325. Slightly Increased.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Systolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 38689001. +0.58 mmHg.
Diastolic Blood Pressure. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 38689001. Elevated.
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 29212778. Increased Risk.
Atrial Fibrillation. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 40645996. Increased Risk.
Preeclampsia. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 8513325. Increased Risk.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: AA (Homozygous)
Possessing two copies of the reference A allele results in the production of methionine at position 259 of the angiotensinogen protein [1]. This molecular configuration is associated with lower circulating levels of angiotensinogen compared to carriers of the G allele [2]. As a result, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels tend to remain lower [3]. This translates to a lower baseline risk of developing essential hypertension and associated cardiovascular conditions like coronary artery disease [3] [4]. Some studies also suggest a lower risk of atrial fibrillation compared to those with the G allele [5]. Furthermore, pregnant individuals with this genotype have a lower risk of developing preeclampsia [6]. Finally, this genotype may influence how the body responds to specific blood pressure medications, such as showing a stronger response to benazepril [7].
Typical resting blood pressure; Lower risk of hypertension; Standard risk of coronary artery disease.
Sample genotype: AG (Heterozygous)
A heterozygous profile with one G allele leads to a mix of methionine and threonine at position 259 of the angiotensinogen protein [1]. This single copy of the G allele is associated with slightly higher circulating levels of angiotensinogen [2]. Consequently, large-scale genetic studies have linked this genotype to minor increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure [3]. This elevation can modestly increase the long-term risk of developing essential hypertension and coronary artery disease [3] [4]. There is also a slightly higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation over time [5]. For pregnant individuals, carrying one G allele may slightly elevate the risk of preeclampsia [6]. On the other hand, this genotype has been associated with a favorable response to certain blood pressure medications like irbesartan and atenolol [7] [8].
Slightly higher resting blood pressure; Modestly increased risk of hypertension; Potential for enhanced response to certain blood pressure medications.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Two copies of the variant G allele encode threonine at position 259, which is associated with the highest circulating levels of angiotensinogen [1] [2]. This elevation in angiotensinogen leads to increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system, promoting blood vessel constriction and sodium retention [1]. Large-scale genome-wide association studies consistently link this genotype to higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as an increased risk of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation [3] [4] [5]. Pregnant individuals with this genotype also face a higher risk of developing preeclampsia [6]. Interestingly, this genotype is also associated with a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers, potentially aiding in power and sprint sports [7]. In terms of medical management, G/G carriers often show a better response to specific blood pressure medications like irbesartan, atenolol, and quinapril [8] [9]. However, they may experience a poorer response to other medications like valsartan [10].
Higher resting blood pressure; Increased risk of hypertension; Increased risk of coronary artery disease; Potential advantage in power-based athletic performance.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs4762 · AGT Gene · Chr 1 · Preeclampsia Risk
rs5051 · AGT Gene · Chr 1 · Hypertension Risk
rs12509595 · FGF5 Gene · Chr 4 · Blood Pressure Risk
Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen.
A molecular variant of angiotensinogen associated with preeclampsia.
The C allele of the AGT Met235Thr polymorphism is associated with power sports performance.
Content updated August 2026.
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