What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Fasting Blood Glucose: 10/10 evidence, 47 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Lower Fasting Blood Glucose
Two copies of the T allele are linked to lower baseline fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels. This genotype is associated with a more sensitive insulin response.
What this genotype means: Lower fasting blood sugar levels; Lower HbA1c levels; Slightly higher risk of osteoarthritis.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Higher Fasting Blood Glucose
Two copies of the C allele are linked to higher baseline fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels. This genotype is associated with a slightly higher risk of glucose metabolism disorders.
What this genotype means: Higher fasting blood sugar levels; Higher HbA1c levels; Slightly lower risk of osteoarthritis.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/C
Typical Fasting Blood Glucose
One copy of each allele results in typical fasting blood sugar levels and average insulin sensitivity. Metabolic markers generally fall within the standard population baseline.
What this genotype means: Average fasting blood sugar levels; Typical HbA1c levels; Standard risk for metabolic and joint conditions.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The G6PC2 gene encodes glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2, an enzyme primarily active in the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas [1]. This enzyme plays a critical role in regulating the set point for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion [1]. By dephosphorylating glucose-6-phosphate, it controls the rate of glycolysis and determines how sensitive pancreatic cells are to circulating sugar levels [2]. Variations in this gene can alter enzyme activity, directly shifting baseline fasting blood sugar levels in the body [2].
Variant Impact: The rs560887 variant is an intronic change in the G6PC2 gene that influences how the gene's genetic instructions are spliced [3]. The minor T allele reduces the splicing efficiency of G6PC2, leading to lower levels of the active enzyme [3]. With less enzyme activity, pancreatic beta cells become more sensitive to glucose, releasing insulin more readily at lower sugar thresholds [2]. Consequently, individuals carrying the T allele tend to maintain lower baseline fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels [2].
Key Insight: This variant acts like a thermostat for blood sugar, where carrying the T allele lowers the baseline set point at which your pancreas releases insulin.
Location: G6PC2. Chromosome 2 · 2q31.1 · 168.9 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 5.2%; European 8.7%; African 0.3%; East Asian 0.1%; South Asian 1.3%; Americas 3.5%; Ashkenazi 4.3%; Finnish 8.5%; Middle Eastern 5.2%; Amish 4.9%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Global 29.5%; European 41.6%; African 9.9%; East Asian 6.5%; South Asian 20.3%; Americas 30.5%; Ashkenazi 32.8%; Finnish 41.3%; Middle Eastern 35.2%; Amish 34.4%.
Estimated TC genotype frequency.
Global 65.3%; European 49.7%; African 89.8%; East Asian 93.4%; South Asian 78.4%; Americas 66.0%; Ashkenazi 63.0%; Finnish 50.2%; Middle Eastern 59.6%; Amish 60.8%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Fasting Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 18451265. Lower Glucose.
HbA1c. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 24405752. Lower HbA1c.
Glucose Metabolism. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Lower Disorder Risk.
Hypertension
Pulse Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30224653. Lower Pressure.
Organ Systems
Bone, Joint & Connective Tissue Health
Osteoarthritis. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 40205036. Slightly Higher Risk.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Fasting Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 18451265. Higher Glucose.
HbA1c. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 24405752. Higher HbA1c.
Glucose Metabolism. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Higher Disorder Risk.
Pulse Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30224653. Higher Pressure.
Osteoarthritis. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 40205036. Slightly Lower Risk.
Showing effects for T/C genotype
Fasting Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 18451265. Typical Glucose.
HbA1c. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 24405752. Typical HbA1c.
Glucose Metabolism. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical Risk.
Pulse Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30224653. Typical Pressure.
Osteoarthritis. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 40205036. Typical Risk.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
This occurs because the T allele reduces the expression of the G6PC2 enzyme, making pancreatic beta cells more sensitive to glucose and prompting them to release insulin at lower blood sugar thresholds [2]. Large-scale genomic studies confirm that this genotype is also associated with lower long-term blood sugar markers like HbA1c [3]. Additionally, this genotype is linked to slightly lower pulse pressure, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health [4]. However, there is a very small associated increase in the risk of developing osteoarthritis [5]. Overall, this genotype represents a highly efficient metabolic profile with naturally optimized blood sugar regulation.
Lower fasting blood sugar levels; Lower HbA1c levels; Slightly higher risk of osteoarthritis.
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
This genotype leads to higher expression of the G6PC2 enzyme, which reduces the sensitivity of pancreatic beta cells to glucose, meaning higher blood sugar levels are required to trigger insulin release [2]. Multiple genome-wide association studies have linked this genotype to elevated HbA1c levels and an increased risk of glucose metabolism disorders [3] [4]. There is also an association with slightly higher pulse pressure, which can influence cardiovascular strain over time [5]. On the positive side, this genotype is associated with a slightly lower risk of developing osteoarthritis [6]. Maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity can help manage these metabolic tendencies.
Higher fasting blood sugar levels; Higher HbA1c levels; Slightly lower risk of osteoarthritis.
Sample genotype: TC (Heterozygous)
Carrying one T allele and one C allele results in an intermediate metabolic profile [1]. The presence of one T allele provides a moderate balancing effect on G6PC2 enzyme expression, maintaining standard insulin secretion dynamics [2]. Long-term blood sugar markers, such as HbA1c, and cardiovascular indicators like pulse pressure are expected to be within the normal range [3] [4]. Risk levels for metabolic disorders and joint conditions like osteoarthritis also remain close to the population average [5]. This heterozygous state represents a balanced, typical genetic baseline for glucose regulation.
Average fasting blood sugar levels; Typical HbA1c levels; Standard risk for metabolic and joint conditions.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs11257655 · CDC123 Gene · Chr 10 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs11708067 · ADCY5 Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs2796441 · TLE1-DT Gene · Chr 9 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
A polymorphism within the G6PC2 gene is associated with fasting plasma glucose levels.
New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk.
Translational genomics of osteoarthritis in 1,962,069 individuals.
Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
Content updated August 2026.
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