What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk: 10/10 evidence, 23 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Typical Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Carrying two copies of the C allele is associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes and maintaining healthier blood sugar levels. However, there is a slight association with a marginally higher body mass index.
What this genotype means: Lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Typical fasting glucose and HbA1c levels; Slightly higher average body mass index.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/T
Moderately Increased Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Carrying one copy of the T allele is linked to a moderately higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and elevated blood sugar levels. Monitoring glycemic markers can help manage this genetic predisposition.
What this genotype means: Moderately increased risk of type 2 diabetes; Slightly elevated fasting glucose and HbA1c; Slightly lower average body mass index.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Elevated Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with the highest risk of developing type 2 diabetes and elevated blood sugar levels. Proactive lifestyle choices are particularly beneficial for supporting metabolic health with this genotype.
What this genotype means: Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes; Higher average fasting glucose and HbA1c; Increased risk of diabetic complications if unmanaged.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The CDC123 gene plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression and protein translation initiation [1]. It works closely with CAMK1D, which encodes a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling cascades [2]. Together, these neighboring genes on chromosome 10 are heavily implicated in pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin secretion [2]. Dysregulation of this locus can impair the body's ability to release insulin in response to glucose [2].
Variant Impact: The intergenic variant rs11257655 acts as a transcriptional enhancer located between the CDC123 and CAMK1D genes [1]. The T allele of this variant increases transcriptional activity by facilitating the binding of transcription factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 [1]. This allele-specific binding alters the expression of CAMK1D, which is crucial for calcium signaling in pancreatic cells [1]. Ultimately, these molecular changes influence insulin secretion and susceptibility to metabolic conditions [2].
Key Insight: The risk allele of this variant actually increases the expression of CAMK1D in pancreatic cells, which paradoxically leads to reduced insulin secretion and higher diabetes risk.
Location: CDC123. Chromosome 10 · 10p13 · 12.3 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 58.5%; European 63.8%; African 55.2%; East Asian 21.9%; South Asian 55.5%; Americas 60.4%; Ashkenazi 61.4%; Finnish 52.1%; Middle Eastern 68.3%; Amish 60.2%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 35.4%; European 32.1%; African 38.2%; East Asian 49.8%; South Asian 38.0%; Americas 34.6%; Ashkenazi 33.9%; Finnish 40.2%; Middle Eastern 28.7%; Amish 34.8%.
Estimated CT genotype frequency.
Global 6.0%; European 4.0%; African 6.6%; East Asian 28.3%; South Asian 6.5%; Americas 5.0%; Ashkenazi 4.7%; Finnish 7.7%; Middle Eastern 3.0%; Amish 5.0%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 22885922. Lower Risk.
Blood Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Typical Levels.
HbA1c. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 34059833. Typical Levels.
Obesity & Body Composition
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 28892062. Slightly Higher.
Organ Systems
Liver Function & Disease
AST Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40436827. Slightly Higher.
Showing effects for C/T genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 22885922. ~1.11x Risk.
Blood Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Slightly Elevated.
HbA1c. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 34059833. Slightly Elevated.
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 28892062. Typical.
AST Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40436827. Typical.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 22885922. ~1.23x Risk.
Blood Glucose. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34594039. Elevated.
HbA1c. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 34059833. Elevated.
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 28892062. Slightly Lower.
AST Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 40436827. Slightly Lower.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
Maintaining optimal metabolic health is supported by this genotype, which represents the baseline state for blood sugar regulation. Large-scale genetic studies show that this combination is protective against type 2 diabetes compared to carrying the T allele [1]. Pancreatic beta-cells function normally, ensuring adequate insulin secretion during glucose challenges [2]. Consequently, long-term blood sugar markers like HbA1c and fasting glucose levels tend to remain within typical ranges [3]. While some studies note a very slight increase in body mass index, the overall metabolic profile remains highly favorable [4]. This genotype also correlates with a lower likelihood of requiring antidiabetic medications over time [5]. Individuals with this genetic profile generally respond well to standard dietary guidelines. Regular physical activity further reinforces this natural metabolic resilience.
Lower risk of type 2 diabetes; Typical fasting glucose and HbA1c levels; Slightly higher average body mass index.
Sample genotype: CT (Heterozygous)
Metabolic efficiency is slightly altered by carrying a single copy of the T allele at this locus. Research indicates that this genetic variation enhances the binding of specific transcription factors, leading to altered expression of the CAMK1D gene [1]. This molecular shift is associated with a moderate increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes [2]. Clinical measurements often show slightly higher fasting glucose and HbA1c levels in individuals with this genotype [3]. Over time, this can also increase the likelihood of needing antidiabetic medications to maintain glycemic control [4]. Despite these blood sugar tendencies, this genotype is associated with a slightly lower body mass index compared to the C/C genotype [5]. Managing carbohydrate intake and engaging in regular exercise are effective ways to support metabolic health. Monitoring blood sugar levels periodically can provide valuable insights for long-term wellness.
Moderately increased risk of type 2 diabetes; Slightly elevated fasting glucose and HbA1c; Slightly lower average body mass index.
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Pancreatic beta-cell function is most significantly impacted by carrying two copies of the T allele. This genotype leads to increased transcriptional enhancer activity, which alters the expression of CAMK1D and impairs insulin secretion [1]. Multiple genome-wide association studies have confirmed a robust link between this genotype and an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes [2]. Glycemic markers, including fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, are typically higher than average [3]. There is also a corresponding increase in the likelihood of developing diabetic complications, such as retinopathy or neuropathy, if blood sugar is not managed [4]. Fortunately, this genetic risk can be actively mitigated through targeted dietary and lifestyle interventions [5]. Prioritizing a diet rich in whole foods and fiber helps stabilize glucose levels. Consistent physical activity is highly effective at improving insulin sensitivity for this genotype.
Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes; Higher average fasting glucose and HbA1c; Increased risk of diabetic complications if unmanaged.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs11708067 · ADCY5 Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs2796441 · TLE1-DT Gene · Chr 9 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs560887 · G6PC2 Gene · Chr 2 · Fasting Blood Glucose
The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits.
Genome-wide association study of medication-use and associated disease in the UK Biobank.
Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
Content updated August 2026.
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