What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Cardiovascular and Lipid Risk: 10/10 evidence, 46 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Higher Cardiovascular and Lipid Risk
Carrying two copies of the C allele is associated with elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels, leading to an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
What this genotype means: Higher circulating triglycerides; Elevated risk of coronary artery disease; Slightly better kidney function markers.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/G
Typical Cardiovascular and Lipid Risk
Carrying one copy of each allele results in intermediate lipid levels and a typical baseline risk for heart and kidney health.
What this genotype means: Typical baseline cholesterol levels; Average risk of coronary artery disease; Standard kidney function markers.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Lower Cardiovascular and Lipid Risk
Carrying two copies of the G allele is linked to healthier cholesterol and triglyceride profiles, reducing the risk of heart disease.
What this genotype means: Lower circulating triglycerides and cholesterol; Reduced risk of coronary artery disease; Slightly higher risk of gallstones.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: TRIB1AL is a long non-coding RNA gene located on chromosome 8 that is predominantly expressed in the liver. It plays a critical role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Research shows that TRIB1AL acts as a key regulator of neighboring metabolic genes, directly influencing how the liver processes fats and secretes lipoproteins into the bloodstream [1]. Alterations in its expression are linked to metabolic liver changes and circulating lipid profiles [2]. Consequently, this gene is a major focus in understanding heritable differences in cardiovascular and metabolic health [1] [2].
Variant Impact: The variant rs28601761 is a genetic change located within the TRIB1AL locus. It acts as a strong regulator of TRIB1AL expression in liver tissue, directly impacting systemic lipid levels [3]. The C allele is robustly associated with higher circulating levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol [4]. This lipid elevation translates to a significantly increased risk of developing coronary artery disease [3]. Conversely, the G allele is linked to lower lipid levels and a reduced risk of cardiovascular events, though it carries minor trade-offs in other metabolic markers [4].
Key Insight: This variant acts as a genetic volume slider in the liver, where carrying the C allele increases circulating fats and elevates heart disease risk, while the G allele helps keep cholesterol levels lower.
Location: TRIB1AL. Chromosome 8 · 8q24.13 · 125.5 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 40.6%; European 33.0%; African 47.3%; East Asian 74.1%; South Asian 49.5%; Americas 48.1%; Ashkenazi 39.4%; Finnish 33.8%; Middle Eastern 41.0%; Amish 14.4%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 45.4%; European 48.9%; African 42.9%; East Asian 24.0%; South Asian 41.7%; Americas 42.5%; Ashkenazi 46.8%; Finnish 48.7%; Middle Eastern 46.1%; Amish 47.1%.
Estimated CG genotype frequency.
Global 14.0%; European 18.1%; African 9.7%; East Asian 1.9%; South Asian 8.8%; Americas 9.4%; Ashkenazi 13.9%; Finnish 17.5%; Middle Eastern 12.9%; Amish 38.6%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Increased Risk.
Lipids & Cholesterol
Triglycerides. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Higher Levels.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Higher Levels.
Organ Systems
Kidney Function & Disease
Kidney Function. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Slightly Better.
Digestive & Gut Disorders
Gallstones. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37705021. Reduced Risk.
Showing effects for C/G genotype
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical Risk.
Triglycerides. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Typical Levels.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Typical Levels.
Kidney Function. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical.
Gallstones. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37705021. Typical Risk.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Coronary Artery Disease. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Reduced Risk.
Triglycerides. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Lower Levels.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Lower Levels.
Kidney Function. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Slightly Lower.
Gallstones. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 37705021. ~1.05x Higher Risk.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
Having the C/C genotype means possessing two copies of the risk-increasing allele for cardiovascular health. Large-scale genetic studies show that this genotype is strongly associated with higher circulating levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol [1]. These elevated lipid levels contribute directly to an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease and high cholesterol [2]. On the positive side, this genotype is linked to slightly better kidney function, characterized by a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lower creatinine levels [2]. It is also associated with a lower risk of developing gallstones [1]. However, the cardiovascular and lipid risks remain the most clinically significant aspects of this genetic profile [1] [2].
Higher circulating triglycerides; Elevated risk of coronary artery disease; Slightly better kidney function markers.
Sample genotype: CG (Heterozygous)
Possessing the C/G genotype provides a balanced genetic influence on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk. Having one copy of the protective G allele and one copy of the risk-associated C allele typically results in intermediate circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides [1]. This intermediate profile translates to a standard, population-average risk for coronary artery disease [2]. Similarly, kidney function markers like eGFR and creatinine, as well as the risk of developing gallstones, generally fall within the typical baseline range [2]. This genotype represents a common genetic middle ground, where lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise will play a primary role in determining overall cardiovascular outcomes [1] [2].
Typical baseline cholesterol levels; Average risk of coronary artery disease; Standard kidney function markers.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Having the G/G genotype is highly beneficial for cardiovascular health. This genetic profile is robustly associated with lower circulating levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides [1]. Consequently, individuals with this genotype enjoy a significantly reduced risk of developing coronary artery disease and high cholesterol [2]. While this profile is highly protective for the heart, there are minor metabolic trade-offs to consider. The G/G genotype is associated with a slightly higher risk of developing gallstones and slightly lower kidney function markers, such as a lower eGFR and higher creatinine [2]. Despite these minor trade-offs, the substantial reduction in cardiovascular risk makes this genotype overall highly favorable [1] [2].
Lower circulating triglycerides and cholesterol; Reduced risk of coronary artery disease; Slightly higher risk of gallstones.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs10790162 · BUD13 Gene · Chr 11 · Triglyceride Levels
rs183130 · CETP Gene · Chr 16 · HDL Cholesterol Levels
rs2266788 · APOA5 Gene · Chr 11 · Triglyceride Levels
Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
Polygenic Hyperlipidemias and Coronary Artery Disease Risk.
The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids.
Content updated August 2026.
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