What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Weight and Blood Sugar: 9/10 evidence, 22 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Higher Body Weight but Better Blood Sugar Control
This genotype is linked to a higher body mass index and fat mass, but offers protection against high blood sugar and impaired insulin secretion.
What this genotype means: Higher average body mass index; More efficient post-meal insulin secretion; Lower risk of impaired glucose tolerance.
Sample genotype (not yours): A/A
Lower Body Weight but Poorer Blood Sugar Control
This genotype is linked to a lower body mass index but carries a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood pressure.
What this genotype means: Lower average body mass index; Reduced insulin secretion after meals; Higher risk of elevated blood sugar and blood pressure.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/A
Typical Weight and Blood Sugar Profile
This heterozygous genotype represents a balanced metabolic profile with typical body weight and blood sugar responses.
What this genotype means: Typical body mass index and fat distribution; Standard blood sugar regulation; Slightly increased risk of weight gain if taking olanzapine.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The GIPR gene encodes the receptor for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, a major gut hormone released after eating [1]. This receptor is widely expressed in pancreatic beta cells, fat tissue, and bone, where it plays a central role in coordinating post-meal metabolism [2]. When food is consumed, GIP binds to its receptor to stimulate insulin secretion, helping to clear glucose from the bloodstream [1]. It also regulates how fat is stored in adipose tissue and influences energy expenditure [2]. Variations in this gene can alter receptor activity, shifting the balance between how the body manages body weight and processes blood sugar [2].
Variant Impact: The rs10423928 variant is a common genetic change located in the GIPR gene that influences receptor expression and function [1]. This genetic variation modifies how the body responds to dietary carbohydrates and fats, affecting both insulin release and fat storage [2]. The major T allele is associated with higher receptor activity, which promotes efficient insulin secretion but also increases the tendency to store fat [1]. Conversely, the minor A allele is linked to reduced receptor expression, leading to lower insulin secretion after meals but a lower overall body mass index [1]. This creates a distinct metabolic trade-off between body weight and blood sugar regulation [2].
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Key Insight: This variant represents a direct evolutionary trade-off where the genetic option that protects against obesity actually increases the risk of high blood sugar and type 2 diabetes.
Location: GIPR. Chromosome 19 · 19q13.32 · 45.7 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 66.6%; European 63.0%; African 71.8%; East Asian 64.1%; South Asian 72.2%; Americas 74.8%; Ashkenazi 49.7%; Finnish 59.8%; Middle Eastern 70.6%; Amish 78.1%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Global 29.9%; European 32.7%; African 25.9%; East Asian 31.9%; South Asian 25.6%; Americas 23.4%; Ashkenazi 41.6%; Finnish 35.1%; Middle Eastern 26.9%; Amish 20.6%.
Estimated TA genotype frequency.
Global 3.5%; European 4.3%; African 2.3%; East Asian 4.0%; South Asian 2.3%; Americas 1.8%; Ashkenazi 8.7%; Finnish 5.1%; Middle Eastern 2.6%; Amish 1.4%.
Estimated AA genotype frequency.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Obesity & Body Composition
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Higher BMI.
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Glucose Tolerance. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 20081857. Better Tolerance.
Hypertension
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30578418. Lower Pressure.
Pharmacogenomics
Adverse Drug Reactions
Medication Weight Gain. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 25321336. Typical Risk.
Showing effects for A/A genotype
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Lower BMI.
Glucose Tolerance. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 20081857. Poorer Tolerance.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30578418. Higher Pressure.
Medication Weight Gain. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 25321336. Increased Risk.
Showing effects for T/A genotype
Body Mass Index. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 30595370. Typical BMI.
Glucose Tolerance. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 20081857. Typical Tolerance.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 30578418. Typical Pressure.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the T allele is associated with a higher body mass index and an increased tendency to accumulate body fat [1]. However, this genotype also ensures robust GIP receptor expression, which promotes efficient insulin secretion after meals [2]. As a result, individuals with this profile tend to have better glucose tolerance and a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes [2]. This represents a metabolic trade-off where efficient energy storage comes with the benefit of superior blood sugar control [1]. Maintaining a balanced diet low in processed carbohydrates can help manage the weight-related risks associated with this genotype [3].
Higher average body mass index; More efficient post-meal insulin secretion; Lower risk of impaired glucose tolerance.
Sample genotype: AA (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the A allele is associated with reduced GIP receptor expression, which naturally limits fat accumulation and leads to a lower average body mass index [1]. However, this reduction in receptor activity also impairs the body's ability to secrete insulin quickly after eating [2]. Consequently, individuals with this genotype are at a higher risk for impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood sugar levels [2]. Research also links this profile to slightly higher systolic blood pressure and a higher risk of weight gain if treated with the medication olanzapine. Focusing on a diet rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates can help support insulin sensitivity and mitigate these cardiovascular and metabolic risks [3].
Lower average body mass index; Reduced insulin secretion after meals; Higher risk of elevated blood sugar and blood pressure.
Sample genotype: TA (Heterozygous)
Carrying one T allele and one A allele generally results in an intermediate metabolic phenotype [1]. The body balances the fat-accumulating tendencies of the T allele with the weight-limiting effects of the A allele [2]. Similarly, post-meal insulin secretion and glucose tolerance typically fall within the normal range [1]. However, if prescribed certain antipsychotic medications like olanzapine, carriers of this genotype may experience a higher susceptibility to drug-induced weight gain [3]. Overall, standard healthy lifestyle practices are highly effective for maintaining metabolic health with this genetic profile [2].
Typical body mass index and fat distribution; Standard blood sugar regulation; Slightly increased risk of weight gain if taking olanzapine.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs1800437 · GIPR Gene · Chr 19 · Heart and Metabolic Health
rs11672660 · GIPR Gene · Chr 19 · Weight and BMI
rs11257655 · CDC123 Gene · Chr 10 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Genetic variation in GIPR influences the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge.
New role of fat-free mass in cancer risk linked with genetic predisposition.
GIPR Gene Polymorphism and Weight Gain in Patients With Schizophrenia Treated With Olanzapine.
Content updated August 2026.
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