Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Volatile anaesthetics are liquids that turn into vapour and are breathed in to bring on and keep up general anaesthesia. The class includes sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane, and the older halothane and enflurane. This page collects studies on volatile anaesthetics as a group.
The key genes for the whole class are RYR1 and CACNA1S, which make calcium channels in skeletal muscle: rare variants in them cause malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, a dangerous reaction to these anaesthetics. CPIC has published a guideline on RYR1 and CACNA1S, covered on the pages of the individual anaesthetics. Other studies listed here looked at OPRM1 and ABCG2 for recovery and pain after surgery.
Every published finding on gene variants and Volatile Anesthetics. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
ABCG2 rs2231142: Level 3. Efficacy. 1.
OPRM1 rs1799971: Level 3. Efficacy. 1.
RYR1 rs118204423: Level 3. Toxicity: Malignant Hyperthermia. 1.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Ethrane (Inhalational Anesthetics)
Forane (Inhalational Anesthetics)
Halothane (Inhalational Anesthetics)
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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