Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Levodopa (L-DOPA) is the precursor the brain turns into dopamine, and the most effective treatment for the movement symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is almost always combined with carbidopa or benserazide, which stop it from being converted outside the brain. It is sold as Sinemet and Madopar, among other names.
Levodopa is broken down by DOPA decarboxylase and COMT, and dopamine itself by MAO-B. Studies have looked at COMT, MAOB, the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 and dopamine receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3) for how much levodopa people needed and for side effects such as involuntary movements (dyskinesia) and hallucinations. The findings come from single or a few studies, and there is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Levodopa. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
DRD3 rs6280: Level 3. Toxicity: Gastrointestinal toxicity, Hallucinations, Parkinson Disease. 2.
SLC6A3 rs3836790: Level 3. Efficacy: Parkinson Disease. 1.
HOMER1 rs4704559: Level 3. Toxicity: Parkinson Disease. 1.
DBH rs1611115: Level 3. Efficacy: Cocaine dependence. 1.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Studies of how much of the drug people needed or tolerated.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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