Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Ketorolac is a strong non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for short-term relief of moderate to severe pain, often after surgery, by injection, tablets or nasal spray, and as eye drops after eye surgery. Because of its risks to the stomach and kidneys, treatment is limited to a few days. It is sold as Toradol and Acular, among other names.
Ketorolac is cleared mainly by UGT enzymes and the kidneys, with only a small part handled by CYP2C9. The few gene studies listing it, mostly on pain after dental surgery, looked at CYP2C9 and inflammation genes (IL1B, TNF, IL6). The findings are weak, and there is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Ketorolac. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
rs2562456: Level 3. Efficacy. 1.
CYP2C9 CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3: Level 3. Efficacy: Pain, Postoperative. 1.
LST1;LTA;TNF rs1800629: Level 3. Efficacy: Migraine without Aura. 1.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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