Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy mainly by stopping ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. They include combined pills, patches and rings with an oestrogen and a progestogen, and progestogen-only pills, injections, implants and hormonal coils. Many are also used for heavy or painful periods and acne. This page collects studies on hormonal contraceptives as a group.
The best-studied genetic link concerns blood clots with combined (oestrogen-containing) contraceptives. Factor V Leiden (rs6025 in F5) and the prothrombin 20210A variant (rs1799963 in F2) raise the baseline risk of venous clots, and combined contraceptives raise it further, so the two together multiply it. Studies have also looked at ABO blood group, F11 and KNG1. There is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Hormonal Contraceptives. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
F5 rs6025: Level 2B · replicated. Toxicity: Thrombotic disease. 7.
F2 rs1799963: Level 2B · replicated. Toxicity: Stroke, Venous Thrombosis. 4.
ABO rs8176719: Level 3. Toxicity. 1.
CYP2C9 rs1799853: Level 3. Toxicity. 1.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Antithyroid Drugs (class) (Antithyroid Agents)
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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