Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a class of medicines that block the COX enzymes making prostaglandins, the signals behind pain, fever and inflammation. The class includes ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, meloxicam, celecoxib and many others, used for pain, arthritis, fever and period pain. Stomach bleeding, kidney effects and raised cardiovascular risk are their main concerns with long use. This page collects studies on NSAIDs as a group.
Studies of the class as a whole looked at CYP2C9, PTGS1 (COX-1), AGT and immune genes for side effects such as stomach bleeding and hypersensitivity. The firm gene evidence is for individual NSAIDs broken down by CYP2C9: CPIC has published a guideline covering celecoxib, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam and tenoxicam, each on its own page.
Every published finding on gene variants and NSAIDs. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
CYP2C9 rs1057910: Level 3. Toxicity. 2.
rs2965667: Level 3. Other: Colorectal Neoplasms. 2.
PTGS1 rs10306135: Level 3. Toxicity: Acute coronary syndrome. 1.
CDKN2B-AS1 rs10757274: Level 3. Toxicity: Acute coronary syndrome. 1.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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