What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Inflammation and Cancer Risk: 9/10 evidence, 27 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): A/A
Lower Inflammation but Higher Cancer Risk
This genotype is associated with lower baseline levels of C-reactive protein and cholesterol, but carries a slightly increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
What this genotype means: Lower baseline C-reactive protein; Slightly higher pancreatic cancer risk; Lower circulating cholesterol levels.
Sample genotype (not yours): A/G
Typical Inflammation and Cancer Risk
This intermediate genotype is associated with average baseline levels of systemic inflammation, cholesterol, and typical pancreatic cancer risk.
What this genotype means: Typical baseline C-reactive protein; Average pancreatic cancer risk; Standard metabolic and lipid profiles.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Higher Inflammation but Lower Cancer Risk
This genotype is linked to elevated baseline C-reactive protein and cholesterol levels, but offers protection against pancreatic cancer.
What this genotype means: Higher baseline C-reactive protein; Lower pancreatic cancer risk; Elevated circulating cholesterol and liver enzymes.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The HNF1A gene encodes hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha, a critical transcription factor primarily active in the liver and pancreas [1]. It regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in glucose metabolism, lipid transport, and the secretion of acute-phase inflammatory proteins [2]. Mutations in this gene can disrupt normal insulin secretion, leading to maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) [1]. Additionally, HNF1A plays a pivotal role in controlling baseline levels of systemic inflammatory markers and circulating cholesterol fractions [2].
Variant Impact: The rs7310409 variant is an intronic change located within the HNF1A gene on chromosome 12. This genetic variation influences the transcriptional activity of HNF1A, thereby altering the baseline production of liver-derived proteins [1]. The change is strongly associated with variations in circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), an essential biomarker of systemic inflammation [3]. It also impacts the regulation of metabolic markers, including liver enzymes and blood lipid profiles [4].
Key Insight: This variant highlights a direct genetic link between baseline systemic inflammation and metabolic health, showing that the same gene regulating liver enzymes also influences pancreatic cancer susceptibility.
Location: HNF1A. Chromosome 12 · 12q24.31 · 121.0 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 15.2%; European 15.1%; African 10.3%; East Asian 16.1%; South Asian 28.1%; Americas 17.7%; Ashkenazi 25.3%; Finnish 20.6%; Middle Eastern 34.2%; Amish 14.3%.
Estimated AA genotype frequency.
Global 46.8%; European 47.5%; African 43.5%; East Asian 48.1%; South Asian 49.8%; Americas 48.7%; Ashkenazi 50.0%; Finnish 49.6%; Middle Eastern 48.6%; Amish 47.0%.
Estimated AG genotype frequency.
Global 38.0%; European 37.3%; African 46.2%; East Asian 35.8%; South Asian 22.1%; Americas 33.6%; Ashkenazi 24.7%; Finnish 29.8%; Middle Eastern 17.2%; Amish 38.7%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for A/A genotype
Immunity & Inflammation
Inflammatory & Circulating Protein Markers
C-Reactive Protein. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 18439548. Lower Levels.
Cancer & Oncology
Gastrointestinal Cancers
Pancreatic Cancer. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 26098869. ~1.11x Higher Risk.
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Lipids & Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 41044249. Lower Levels.
Organ Systems
Liver Function & Disease
GGT Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 22001757. Lower Levels.
Showing effects for A/G genotype
C-Reactive Protein. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 18439548. Typical Levels.
Pancreatic Cancer. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 26098869. Typical Risk.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 41044249. Typical Levels.
GGT Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 22001757. Typical Levels.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
C-Reactive Protein. Evidence: 9/10. Source: PMID 18439548. Higher Levels.
Pancreatic Cancer. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 26098869. Lower Risk.
Total Cholesterol. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 41044249. Higher Levels.
GGT Liver Enzyme. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 22001757. ~6.8% Higher Levels.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: AA (Homozygous)
Inheriting two copies of the A allele correlates with lower baseline levels of C-reactive protein, suggesting a naturally lower state of systemic inflammation [1]. This genetic profile is also linked to lower circulating levels of total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and liver enzymes such as GGT. However, large-scale genetic studies have identified this specific genotype as a susceptibility factor for pancreatic cancer, showing a modest increase in risk [2]. The biological mechanism likely involves altered HNF1A expression in pancreatic cells, which can affect cellular differentiation and tissue homeostasis [3]. While the metabolic and inflammatory markers are highly favorable, the slight elevation in oncological risk presents a distinct biological trade-off.
Lower baseline C-reactive protein; Slightly higher pancreatic cancer risk; Lower circulating cholesterol levels.
Sample genotype: AG (Heterozygous)
Carrying one copy of each allele results in intermediate baseline levels of C-reactive protein, representing a typical inflammatory profile in the general population [1]. Metabolic markers, including total cholesterol and liver enzymes like GGT, generally fall within the average range. Susceptibility to pancreatic cancer is also near the population baseline, without the protective or risk-elevating effects seen in the homozygous genotypes [2]. This balanced genetic background means that cardiovascular and oncological risks are largely driven by lifestyle factors rather than this specific locus. Standard health maintenance, balanced nutrition, and routine metabolic screenings remain the most effective ways to manage overall wellness.
Typical baseline C-reactive protein; Average pancreatic cancer risk; Standard metabolic and lipid profiles.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Possessing two copies of the G allele is associated with higher baseline levels of C-reactive protein, indicating a higher baseline of systemic inflammation [1]. This genetic makeup also correlates with elevated circulating levels of total cholesterol, VLDL, and liver enzymes such as GGT. Conversely, this genotype is associated with a reduced susceptibility to pancreatic cancer, serving as a protective factor against tumor development [2]. The elevated CRP levels in this group reflect altered hepatic regulation rather than active infection or tissue damage [3]. This combination of elevated metabolic and inflammatory markers alongside a lower risk of pancreatic cancer represents a complex physiological trade-off.
Higher baseline C-reactive protein; Lower pancreatic cancer risk; Elevated circulating cholesterol and liver enzymes.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs1169288 · HNF1A Gene · Chr 12 · Cardiovascular Risk
rs1183910 · HNF1A Gene · Chr 12 · Baseline Inflammation
rs1800574 · HNF1A Gene · Chr 12 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Genome-wide association study identifies loci influencing concentrations of liver enzymes in plasma.
Content updated August 2026.
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