What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk: 10/10 evidence, 61 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Typical Diabetes Risk
A typical risk of developing type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes characterizes this genetic profile. It represents the standard baseline for insulin secretion and metabolic health.
What this genotype means: Typical risk of type 2 diabetes; Normal first-phase insulin response; Standard response to repaglinide.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/T
Slightly Increased Diabetes Risk
A slight elevation in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is associated with this genetic profile. It may also subtly influence how the body secretes insulin in response to glucose.
What this genotype means: Slightly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes; Subtly reduced peak insulin response; Potentially enhanced response to repaglinide.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Increased Diabetes Risk
An increased risk of both type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes is linked to this genetic profile. It is associated with reduced insulin secretion and altered drug responses.
What this genotype means: Increased risk of type 2 diabetes; Higher risk of gestational diabetes; Reduced peak insulin response.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: IGF2BP2 encodes insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2, which regulates the translation of transcripts involved in development and metabolism [1]. This protein is highly expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells, where it helps regulate cell growth, survival, and insulin secretion [2]. Alterations in this gene can impair pancreatic beta-cell function and reduce the first-phase insulin response to glucose [3]. This gene has been widely studied across diverse global populations as a major susceptibility locus for metabolic disorders [4].
Variant Impact: The rs4402960 variant is located within an intron of the IGF2BP2 gene on chromosome 3 and is thought to influence gene expression levels in visceral fat and pancreatic tissues [5]. The T allele is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes across multiple ethnic groups [4]. It is also linked to a higher susceptibility to gestational diabetes during pregnancy [6]. Additionally, this variant has been shown to influence how patients respond to certain diabetes medications and chemotherapy drugs [7].
Key Insight: While the T allele increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, it is also associated with a significantly better response to the diabetes medication repaglinide, showing how a risk gene can have unexpected clinical benefits.
Location: IGF2BP2. Chromosome 3 · 3q27.2 · 185.8 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 39.9%; European 46.4%; African 23.0%; East Asian 56.2%; South Asian 32.5%; Americas 50.5%; Ashkenazi 34.7%; Finnish 46.7%; Middle Eastern 49.6%; Amish 20.7%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Global 45.1%; European 43.4%; African 49.9%; East Asian 37.5%; South Asian 49.0%; Americas 41.2%; Ashkenazi 48.4%; Finnish 43.3%; Middle Eastern 41.7%; Amish 49.6%.
Estimated GT genotype frequency.
Global 15.0%; European 10.2%; African 27.1%; East Asian 6.3%; South Asian 18.5%; Americas 8.4%; Ashkenazi 16.9%; Finnish 10.0%; Middle Eastern 8.8%; Amish 29.7%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 17463246. Typical Risk.
Peak Insulin Response. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 28490609. Higher Response.
Endocrine & Reproductive
Pregnancy & Birth Complications
Gestational Diabetes. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 23029294. Typical Risk.
Pharmacogenomics
Diabetes Medication Response
Repaglinide Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 20523342. Typical Response.
Chemotherapy Response
Chemotherapy Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 26115082. Stronger Response.
Showing effects for G/T genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 10/10. Source: PMID 17463246. ~1.2x Higher Risk.
Peak Insulin Response. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 28490609. Intermediate.
Repaglinide Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 20523342. Stronger Response.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Peak Insulin Response. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 28490609. Lower Response.
Gestational Diabetes. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 23029294. ~1.5x Higher Risk.
Chemotherapy Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 26115082. Typical Response.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Two copies of the G allele represent the standard genetic baseline for this variant [1]. Clinical studies show that pancreatic beta-cell function and the first-phase insulin response to glucose remain typical in this group [2]. Consequently, there is no elevated risk of type 2 diabetes compared to those carrying the T allele [3]. However, a slightly lower response to the diabetes medication repaglinide has been observed compared to T allele carriers [4]. In cancer treatment settings, the G allele is associated with a decreased likelihood of disease progression during certain chemotherapy regimens [5].
Typical risk of type 2 diabetes; Normal first-phase insulin response; Standard response to repaglinide.
Sample genotype: GT (Heterozygous)
One copy of the T allele is associated with a modest increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, estimated at roughly 1.2 times the typical rate [1]. This genetic change is thought to subtly impair the function of pancreatic beta cells, leading to a reduced peak insulin response [2]. While it elevates diabetes susceptibility, the risk of gestational diabetes during pregnancy remains close to typical [3]. Interestingly, clinical research indicates that an enhanced therapeutic response to the insulin-stimulating drug repaglinide occurs with this profile [4]. Favorable outcomes in certain cancer chemotherapy treatments have also been observed [5].
Slightly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes; Subtly reduced peak insulin response; Potentially enhanced response to repaglinide.
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Two copies of the T allele lead to a well-documented increase in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, with studies showing a risk elevation of about 1.2 times [1]. During pregnancy, a 1.5-fold higher risk of developing gestational diabetes is also observed [2]. The underlying biological mechanism involves impaired pancreatic beta-cell function, which reduces the body's peak insulin response to glucose [3]. Despite these metabolic challenges, a significantly better response to the diabetes medication repaglinide, which helps stimulate insulin release, is associated with this profile [4]. However, the protective chemotherapy response profile associated with the G allele is absent [5].
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes; Higher risk of gestational diabetes; Reduced peak insulin response; Enhanced response to repaglinide.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs1470579 · IGF2BP2 Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs11708067 · ADCY5 Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs7903146 · TCF7L2 Gene · Chr 10 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Genes associated with Type 2 Diabetes and vascular complications.
IGF2BP2 genetic variation and type 2 diabetes: a global meta-analysis.
IGF2BP2 variations influence repaglinide response and risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.
Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels.
Content updated August 2026.
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