What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk: 8/10 evidence, 80 publications.
You're viewing every possible genotype for this variant.
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Sample genotype (not yours): C/C
Typical Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Standard genetic predisposition to metabolic conditions. Normal fat metabolism and typical insulin sensitivity under standard dietary conditions.
What this genotype means: Typical risk of type 2 diabetes; Standard insulin sensitivity.
Sample genotype (not yours): C/G
Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Reduced genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. May experience higher weight gain on certain medications or high-saturated-fat diets.
What this genotype means: Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes; Better response to thiazolidinedione medications.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Significantly reduced genetic risk for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. May have a higher baseline body weight but remains metabolically healthier.
What this genotype means: Strongest genetic protection against type 2 diabetes; Enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The PPARG gene encodes a master regulator of fat cell development and glucose metabolism [1]. It plays a crucial role in how the body stores fat and responds to insulin [1]. Activators of this receptor are commonly targeted by medications to improve insulin sensitivity in metabolic conditions [2]. Variations in this gene can significantly alter an individual's susceptibility to metabolic disorders [1].
Variant Impact: The rs1801282 variant, widely known as Pro12Ala, is a missense mutation in the PPARG gene that replaces the amino acid proline with alanine [3]. This structural change alters the receptor's transcriptional activity, affecting how efficiently the body processes fats and sugars [3]. The more common proline-encoding allele is associated with higher baseline insulin resistance [4]. Conversely, the alanine-encoding variant is well-documented to lower the risk of developing metabolic conditions [4].
Key Insight: The minor G allele is one of the most protective genetic variants known against type 2 diabetes, even though it is associated with slightly higher body weight.
Location: PPARG. Chromosome 3 · 3p25.2 · 12.4 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 83.1%; European 76.4%; African 95.8%; East Asian 92.1%; South Asian 76.9%; Americas 83.9%; Ashkenazi 88.8%; Finnish 71.1%; Middle Eastern 89.4%; Amish 94.4%.
Estimated CC genotype frequency.
Global 15.8%; European 22.0%; African 4.2%; East Asian 7.8%; South Asian 21.6%; Americas 15.4%; Ashkenazi 10.9%; Finnish 26.4%; Middle Eastern 10.3%; Amish 5.5%.
Estimated CG genotype frequency.
Global 1.0%; European 1.6%; African < 0.1%; East Asian 0.2%; South Asian 1.5%; Americas 0.7%; Ashkenazi 0.3%; Finnish 2.5%; Middle Eastern 0.3%; Amish 0.1%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for C/C genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 17463246. Typical Risk.
Insulin Levels. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 22581228. Typical Levels.
Hypertension
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 33230300. Typical.
Lipids & Cholesterol
Triglycerides. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Typical.
Obesity & Body Composition
Body Weight. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Typical.
Pharmacogenomics
Drug Metabolism Enzyme Activity
Drug Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 16084854. Typical Response.
Showing effects for C/G genotype
Type 2 Diabetes. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 17463246. Lower Risk.
Insulin Levels. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 22581228. Lower Levels.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 33230300. Slightly Lower.
Triglycerides. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 34887591. Slightly Lower.
Body Weight. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 39024449. Slightly Higher.
Drug Response. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 16084854. Stronger Response.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: CC (Homozygous)
This genotype represents the most common genetic profile globally. It is associated with typical baseline insulin sensitivity and standard metabolic rates [1]. Because the C allele is the risk-increasing variant, individuals with this genotype have a standard susceptibility to type 2 diabetes compared to carriers of the protective G allele [2]. Blood pressure, triglycerides, and insulin levels tend to fall within the typical population range [3]. Maintaining a balanced diet and regular physical activity remains the primary way to support metabolic health.
Typical risk of type 2 diabetes; Standard insulin sensitivity.
Sample genotype: CG (Heterozygous)
Carrying one copy of the G allele provides a protective effect against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [1]. This genetic profile is linked to lower fasting insulin levels and improved glucose clearance [2]. Additionally, carriers often exhibit slightly lower blood pressure and healthier triglyceride profiles [3]. However, some studies suggest that this protective metabolic effect can be influenced by diet, and carriers may need to be mindful of high-saturated-fat intake [4]. There is also a documented better response to certain diabetes medications like pioglitazone [5].
Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes; Better response to thiazolidinedione medications.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the G allele offers the strongest genetic protection against type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome at this locus [1]. This genotype is associated with lower fasting insulin levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity [2]. Although individuals with this profile may have a slightly higher baseline body weight, they tend to remain metabolically healthier with lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels [3]. The metabolic benefits are highly pronounced, though maintaining a balanced diet is still recommended to prevent potential interactions with high-saturated-fat diets [4]. Response to specific insulin-sensitizing medications is also typically enhanced [5].
Strongest genetic protection against type 2 diabetes; Enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs17036160 · PPARG Gene · Chr 3 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
rs3856806 · PPARG Gene · Chr 3 · Metabolic Health Risk
rs2972164 · PPARG Gene · Chr 3 · Fat Distribution and Sepsis
Content updated August 2026.
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