What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Inflammation and Immunity: 5/10 evidence, 56 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): T/T
Higher Risk of Inflammation and Transplant Rejection
Two copies of the T allele are linked to lower production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This increases the risk of inflammatory conditions, early pregnancy loss, and organ rejection if taking certain immunosuppressants.
What this genotype means: Lower IL-10 cytokine production; Increased risk of early pregnancy loss; Higher risk of transplant rejection on immunosuppressants.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Typical Inflammatory Response and Lower Risks
Two copies of the G allele are associated with typical, healthy levels of IL-10 production, providing standard protection against excessive inflammation.
What this genotype means: Typical IL-10 cytokine production; Standard risk of early pregnancy loss; Typical response to immunosuppressive drugs.
Sample genotype (not yours): T/G
Moderately Higher Risk of Inflammatory Conditions
Carrying one copy of the T allele is associated with reduced IL-10 production, leading to a moderately increased risk of inflammatory diseases and early pregnancy loss.
What this genotype means: Slightly lower IL-10 cytokine production; Moderately increased risk of early pregnancy loss; Slightly elevated susceptibility to ulcerative colitis.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The IL10 gene encodes interleukin 10, a vital anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in regulating the human immune system. It acts as a crucial brake on the immune response, limiting host inflammation to pathogens and preventing autoimmune tissue damage. Underproduction of IL-10 can lead to excessive inflammatory responses and chronic inflammatory diseases. Conversely, optimal levels of IL-10 help maintain immune homeostasis and protect tissues from overactive immune cells.
Variant Impact: The rs1800872 variant, also known as -592C/A, is located in the promoter region of the IL10 gene. This single nucleotide change directly influences how effectively the gene is transcribed into messenger RNA. The T allele, which corresponds to the low-producing promoter variant, is associated with significantly decreased transcription and lower IL-10 cytokine levels [1]. This reduction in anti-inflammatory signaling shifts the immune system toward a more pro-inflammatory state.
Key Insight: The T allele reduces the production of IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory molecule, which can lead to an overactive immune response.
Location: IL10. Chromosome 1 · 1q32.1 · 206.8 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 11.0%; European 5.4%; African 16.9%; East Asian 47.0%; South Asian 19.1%; Americas 10.6%; Ashkenazi 6.3%; Finnish 5.0%; Middle Eastern 10.0%; Amish 8.5%.
Estimated TT genotype frequency.
Global 40.7%; European 35.6%; African 48.4%; East Asian 43.1%; South Asian 49.2%; Americas 44.0%; Ashkenazi 37.6%; Finnish 34.7%; Middle Eastern 43.3%; Amish 41.2%.
Estimated TG genotype frequency.
Global 48.3%; European 59.0%; African 34.7%; East Asian 9.9%; South Asian 31.6%; Americas 45.4%; Ashkenazi 56.1%; Finnish 60.2%; Middle Eastern 46.7%; Amish 50.3%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for T/T genotype
Pharmacogenomics
Immunosuppressant & Biologic Response
Organ Rejection Risk. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 39215891. Increased Risk.
Endocrine & Reproductive
Pregnancy & Birth Complications
Pregnancy Loss. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 32124801. ~3x Higher Risk.
Immunity & Inflammation
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Ulcerative Colitis. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24128120. Increased Risk.
Autoimmune Diseases
Lupus Disease Activity. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 30430731. Increased Activity.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Organ Rejection Risk. Evidence: 5/10. Source: PMID 39215891. Typical.
Pregnancy Loss. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 32124801. Typical.
Ulcerative Colitis. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24128120. Typical.
Lupus Disease Activity. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 30430731. Typical.
Showing effects for T/G genotype
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: TT (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the low-producing IL-10 promoter variant leads to reduced levels of IL-10, an essential cytokine that normally dampens inflammation and protects tissues from immune-mediated damage [1]. Research indicates that this reduced anti-inflammatory capacity significantly increases the risk of developing ulcerative colitis [1]. Additionally, pregnant individuals with this genotype face a higher risk of early pregnancy loss [2]. In the context of organ transplantation, patients with the T/T genotype have an elevated risk of acute organ rejection when treated with standard immunosuppressive therapies like tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil [3]. This genotype is also associated with higher disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus [4].
Lower IL-10 cytokine production; Increased risk of early pregnancy loss; Higher risk of transplant rejection on immunosuppressants; Elevated susceptibility to ulcerative colitis.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Having the G/G genotype is associated with normal transcriptional activity of the IL10 gene, resulting in typical levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This standard level of IL-10 helps the body effectively regulate immune responses, preventing the hyper-inflammation associated with the T allele [1]. Consequently, individuals with this genotype have a lower risk of developing ulcerative colitis [1]. They also have a typical, lower risk of early pregnancy loss compared to T allele carriers [2]. Furthermore, in the event of an organ transplant, this genotype is associated with a standard, lower risk of organ rejection under standard immunosuppressive regimens [3]. Overall, this genotype represents the baseline, protective state for immune homeostasis.
Typical IL-10 cytokine production; Standard risk of early pregnancy loss; Typical response to immunosuppressive drugs.
Sample genotype: TG (Heterozygous)
Carrying one copy of the T allele results in intermediate levels of IL-10 production, as the T allele reduces gene transcription while the G allele maintains typical levels. This intermediate anti-inflammatory capacity is linked to a moderately increased susceptibility to ulcerative colitis [1]. Studies also suggest that carrying this variant increases the likelihood of early pregnancy loss compared to those with the typical G/G genotype [2]. While the risk of organ transplant rejection is not as highly elevated as in T/T homozygotes, the overall pro-inflammatory tendency remains a factor in autoimmune susceptibility, including conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus [3]. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing systemic inflammation can help mitigate these genetic predispositions.
Slightly lower IL-10 cytokine production; Moderately increased risk of early pregnancy loss; Slightly elevated susceptibility to ulcerative colitis.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs3024493 · IL10 Gene · Chr 1 · Ulcerative Colitis Risk
rs1800871 · IL10 Gene · Chr 1 · Inflammatory Disease Risk
rs3024505 · IL10 Gene · Chr 1 · Autoimmune Disease Risk
Content updated August 2026.
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