What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Type 1 Diabetes Risk: 7/10 evidence, 41 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): A/A
Typical Autoimmune and Diabetes Risk
This genotype is associated with baseline risk for type 1 diabetes and typical blood pressure levels. It is the most common genetic profile globally.
What this genotype means: Typical risk of type 1 diabetes; Baseline blood pressure levels.
Sample genotype (not yours): A/G
Moderately Increased Autoimmune Risk
Carrying one copy of the G allele moderately increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes and is linked to slightly higher blood pressure.
What this genotype means: Moderately increased risk of type 1 diabetes; Slightly higher blood pressure trend.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Nearly Double the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Carrying two copies of the G allele significantly increases the risk of type 1 diabetes and is associated with higher blood pressure and stroke risk.
What this genotype means: Significantly increased risk of type 1 diabetes; Elevated blood pressure trend; Slightly higher stroke risk.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The NAA25 gene encodes an auxiliary subunit of the NatB acetyltransferase complex, which is essential for modifying proteins after they are synthesized [1]. This modification process helps stabilize proteins and directs them to their correct locations within cells [1]. Because NAA25 is highly active in immune cells and tissues throughout the body, genetic variations in this region can alter how the immune system behaves [2]. Consequently, changes in this gene are frequently linked to autoimmune conditions and metabolic traits [2].
Variant Impact: This variant, rs17696736, is located in an intron of the NAA25 gene, meaning it does not directly change the protein sequence but instead influences how much of the protein is produced [1]. The G allele is associated with altered expression of NAA25 and nearby genes, which shifts immune system sensitivity [1]. This genetic change has been widely replicated as a risk factor for autoimmune reactions, particularly those targeting the pancreas [3].
Key Insight: While this genetic marker is most famous for its strong connection to type 1 diabetes, it also subtly influences cardiovascular traits, including blood pressure and stroke risk.
Location: NAA25. Chromosome 12 · 12q24.13 · 112.0 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 52.8%; European 31.6%; African 86.0%; East Asian 99.7%; South Asian 84.2%; Americas 54.1%; Ashkenazi 12.0%; Finnish 35.8%; Middle Eastern 39.2%; Amish 36.1%.
Estimated AA genotype frequency.
Global 35.4%; European 49.2%; African 13.4%; East Asian 0.3%; South Asian 15.2%; Americas 38.9%; Ashkenazi 45.3%; Finnish 48.1%; Middle Eastern 46.8%; Amish 48.0%.
Estimated AG genotype frequency.
Global 11.8%; European 19.2%; African 0.5%; East Asian < 0.1%; South Asian 0.7%; Americas 7.0%; Ashkenazi 42.8%; Finnish 16.1%; Middle Eastern 14.0%; Amish 15.9%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for A/A genotype
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diabetes & Glycemic Traits
Type 1 Diabetes. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 17554260. Typical Risk.
Hypertension
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 29912962. Typical.
Stroke
Stroke. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24262325. Typical Risk.
Gout & Uric Acid
Uric Acid Levels. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 31578528. Typical.
Showing effects for A/G genotype
Type 1 Diabetes. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 17554260. ~1.2x to 1.3x Risk.
Blood Pressure. Evidence: 8/10. Source: PMID 29912962. Slightly Higher.
Stroke. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24262325. Slightly Higher Risk.
Uric Acid Levels. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 31578528. Slightly Higher.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Type 1 Diabetes. Evidence: 7/10. Source: PMID 17554260. ~1.9x Risk.
Stroke. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24262325. ~1.1x Higher Risk.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: AA (Homozygous)
Carrying two copies of the common A allele means there is no genetically elevated risk for type 1 diabetes from this specific marker [1]. Large-scale genomic studies show that this profile is associated with typical immune system regulation and standard baseline risks for autoimmune conditions [2]. Additionally, this genotype is linked to typical blood pressure measurements and a standard baseline risk for stroke [3]. While other genetic and environmental factors still play a role in overall health, this specific locus does not contribute extra risk [1].
Typical risk of type 1 diabetes; Baseline blood pressure levels.
Sample genotype: AG (Heterozygous)
Having one copy of the G allele is associated with a moderate increase in the risk of type 1 diabetes, estimated at roughly 1.2x to 1.3x compared to the typical population [1]. This genetic change is thought to subtly alter immune cell pathways, making the body slightly more prone to autoimmune reactions [2]. Research also links this genotype to minor increases in mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure [3]. Furthermore, there is a very slight increase in the statistical risk of ischemic stroke associated with this profile [4].
Moderately increased risk of type 1 diabetes; Slightly higher blood pressure trend.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
This genotype is associated with a nearly twofold increase in the risk of developing type 1 diabetes, with studies estimating the risk at approximately 1.9x [1]. The presence of two G alleles has a compounding effect on the expression of genes involved in immune regulation, which can increase susceptibility to autoimmune targeting of pancreatic cells [2]. Beyond diabetes, this profile is linked to higher mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure measurements [3]. It also correlates with a modest increase in stroke risk and slightly higher circulating urate levels [4] [5].
Significantly increased risk of type 1 diabetes; Elevated blood pressure trend; Slightly higher stroke risk.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs11222084 · ZBTB44-DT Gene · Chr 11 · Blood Pressure Profile
rs11556924 · ZC3HC1 Gene · Chr 7 · Heart Disease Risk
rs11688682 · GLI2 Gene · Chr 2 · Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes.
Target genes, variants, tissues and transcriptional pathways influencing human serum urate levels.
Content updated August 2026.
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