What you carry at this position in your DNA and what research says about it.
Detoxification and Lung Health: 6/10 evidence, 80 publications.
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Sample genotype (not yours): A/A
Typical Asthma Risk and Standard Detoxification
Standard enzyme activity supports typical lung health and baseline respiratory risks. Certain vitamin E supplements may trigger a mild inflammatory response rather than an antioxidant benefit.
What this genotype means: Typical baseline asthma risk; Potential pro-inflammatory response to Vitamin E; Higher risk of docetaxel-induced neuropathy.
Sample genotype (not yours): A/G
Typical Detoxification Capacity and Intermediate Risks
Balanced enzyme activity maintains typical baseline risks for most respiratory and environmental sensitivities. Standard lifestyle habits support optimal detoxification pathways.
What this genotype means: Typical baseline asthma risk; Moderate response to environmental toxins; Potential pro-inflammatory response to Vitamin E.
Sample genotype (not yours): G/G
Reduced Detoxification and Elevated Asthma Risk
Lower enzyme activity may increase susceptibility to asthma and environmental toxins. Unique anti-inflammatory benefits may occur when supplementing with vitamin E.
What this genotype means: Increased susceptibility to asthma from smoke; Higher breast cancer risk with low vegetable intake; Anti-inflammatory benefit from Vitamin E.
Gene function and biological role
Gene Function: The GSTP1 gene encodes glutathione S-transferase pi 1, a critical phase II detoxification enzyme. This enzyme plays a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, environmental toxins, and carcinogens by conjugating them with glutathione. It is highly expressed in lung tissue, where it helps neutralize inhaled pollutants and tobacco smoke. Variations in this gene can alter enzyme stability and activity, affecting how the body handles oxidative challenges.
Variant Impact: The rs1695 variant, also known as p.Ile105Val, is a missense mutation in the GSTP1 gene. This genetic change replaces the amino acid isoleucine with valine at position 105 of the enzyme. The resulting valine-containing enzyme has significantly lower stability and reduced catalytic activity under chemical stress. This reduction in detoxification capacity influences susceptibility to respiratory issues, environmental toxins, and certain medication side effects.
Key Insight: While the lower-activity variant increases sensitivity to air pollution, it unexpectedly provides an anti-inflammatory benefit when taking low-dose vitamin E.
Location: GSTP1. Chromosome 11 · 11q13.2 · 67.6 Mb
Estimated prevalence by population
Global 41.5%; European 43.6%; African 31.0%; East Asian 67.2%; South Asian 53.5%; Americas 33.6%; Ashkenazi 62.1%; Finnish 54.4%; Middle Eastern 56.5%; Amish 38.7%.
Estimated AA genotype frequency.
Global 45.1%; European 44.8%; African 49.3%; East Asian 29.5%; South Asian 39.3%; Americas 48.7%; Ashkenazi 33.4%; Finnish 38.7%; Middle Eastern 37.3%; Amish 47.0%.
Estimated AG genotype frequency.
Global 13.5%; European 11.5%; African 19.6%; East Asian 3.2%; South Asian 7.2%; Americas 17.6%; Ashkenazi 4.5%; Finnish 6.9%; Middle Eastern 6.2%; Amish 14.3%.
Estimated GG genotype frequency.
Showing effects for A/A genotype
Organ Systems
Respiratory Health
Asthma. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24465030. Typical Risk.
Cancer & Oncology
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 23000097. Typical Risk.
Nutrition & Metabolism
Vitamin & Mineral Metabolism
Vitamin E Response. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 22572643. Pro-inflammatory.
Pharmacogenomics
Chemotherapy Response
Chemotherapy Toxicity. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 16707601. Higher Neuropathy.
Showing effects for A/G genotype
Chemotherapy Toxicity. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 16707601. Variable Response.
Showing effects for G/G genotype
Asthma. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 24465030. Increased Risk.
Breast Cancer. Evidence: 4/10. Source: PMID 23000097. Increased Risk.
Vitamin E Response. Evidence: 3/10. Source: PMID 22572643. Anti-inflammatory.
Chemotherapy Toxicity. Evidence: 6/10. Source: PMID 16707601. Lower Neuropathy.
What this genotype means for the people who carry it
Sample genotype: AA (Homozygous)
Production of the standard, fully active form of the GSTP1 enzyme occurs with this genetic profile. This typical enzyme activity helps maintain normal lung function and standard protection against environmental toxins [1]. Consequently, you have a typical baseline risk for developing asthma and other respiratory issues [1]. However, clinical studies suggest that supplementing with alpha-tocopherol (the most common form of Vitamin E) may unexpectedly increase pro-inflammatory markers like interleukin-6 in individuals with this genotype [2]. Additionally, during certain chemotherapy treatments such as docetaxel, this genotype has been linked to a higher risk of peripheral nerve damage [3].
Typical baseline asthma risk; Potential pro-inflammatory response to Vitamin E; Higher risk of docetaxel-induced neuropathy.
Sample genotype: AG (Heterozygous)
Possessing one copy of each allele results in an intermediate level of GSTP1 enzyme activity. This balance generally maintains typical lung health and standard protection against everyday environmental pollutants [1]. Your baseline risk for developing asthma remains similar to the general population [1]. Similar to the AA genotype, taking alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) supplements might lead to a slight increase in inflammatory markers rather than an antioxidant benefit [2]. In medical settings, this intermediate status can influence how your body processes various chemotherapy drugs, resulting in moderate toxicity risks [3].
Typical baseline asthma risk; Moderate response to environmental toxins; Potential pro-inflammatory response to Vitamin E.
Sample genotype: GG (Homozygous)
Production of a less stable GSTP1 enzyme with reduced catalytic activity occurs with this genetic profile. This lower detoxification capacity makes your lungs more sensitive to oxidative stress, particularly from tobacco smoke or air pollution [1]. As a result, this genotype is associated with an elevated risk of developing asthma in certain environments [1]. It has also been linked to an increased susceptibility to breast cancer, especially when dietary intake of protective cruciferous vegetables is low [2]. On the positive side, individuals with this genotype appear to experience a beneficial, anti-inflammatory reduction in interleukin-6 when supplementing with low-dose Vitamin E [3]. Furthermore, you may have a lower risk of developing nerve damage during specific chemotherapy regimens [4].
Increased susceptibility to asthma from smoke; Higher breast cancer risk with low vegetable intake; Anti-inflammatory benefit from Vitamin E.
Variants with shared genetic architecture
rs1138272 · GSTP1 Gene · Chr 11 · Detoxification and Cancer Risk
rs7072776 · DNAJC1 Gene · Chr 10 · Breast Cancer Risk
rs3784099 · RAD51B Gene · Chr 14 · Immune and Cancer Risk
Content updated August 2026.
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