Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Opium alkaloids and their derivatives are the opioids obtained from or made from the opium poppy: morphine and codeine, which occur naturally, and semi-synthetic ones such as heroin (diamorphine), oxycodone, hydromorphone and buprenorphine. They act on the body's opioid receptors and are used for pain, cough and opioid dependence treatment. This page collects studies on the group as a whole.
The few studies listed for this group looked at the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5 and CHRNA3, also linked to heavier smoking, in relation to opioid dependence. The firm gene evidence is for individual opioids: CYP2D6 for codeine, tramadol and hydrocodone, each with its own page and guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Opium Alkaloids. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
CHRNA3 rs1051730: Level 3. Toxicity: Pain. 1.
CHRNA5 rs16969968: Level 3. Toxicity: Pain. 1.
CHRNA5 rs660652: Level 3. Toxicity: Pain, Tobacco Use Disorder. 1.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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