Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that blocks bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes bacteria need to copy their DNA. It is used for urinary, gut, bone, joint and some chest infections, and for anthrax and plague. Because of rare but lasting side effects on tendons, nerves and the aorta, regulators advise reserving it for infections where other antibiotics are not suitable. It is sold as Cipro and Ciproxin.
Ciprofloxacin is cleared mainly by the kidneys and blocks the liver enzyme CYP1A2, raising caffeine, theophylline and some other medicines. The gene studies listed looked at CYP1A2 and at G6PD, as quinolones can rarely cause haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. The findings come from a few studies, and there is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Ciprofloxacin. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
G6PD G6PD B (reference), G6PD Mediterranean Haplotype, G6PD Mediterranean, Dallas, Panama, Sassari, Cagliari, Birmingham: Level 3. Toxicity: Hemolytic Anemia. 1.
Studies that do not fall into the groups above.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
Agenerase (Protease Inhibitors)
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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