Raw research findings for this medication. Mostly single studies, not curated or confirmed robust.
Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor, developed in the 1970s from a peptide in Brazilian pit viper venom. It blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme, so less angiotensin II is made and blood vessels relax. It is used for high blood pressure, heart failure, after a heart attack and for diabetic kidney disease; it acts quickly but briefly, so it is taken two or three times a day. It is sold as Capoten, among other names.
Captopril is cleared mostly by the kidneys. The most studied gene is ACE itself: its insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs1799752), which changes ACE levels in the blood, has been linked in some studies to response, rated at PharmGKB level 2A. Studies have also looked at ACE2, AGT and AGTR1. The findings are mixed, and there is no CPIC or DPWG guideline.
Every published finding on gene variants and Captopril. Upload your DNA file to see which of these rows apply to you.
PharmGKB weighs all studies of a variant and rates how strong the evidence is, from 1A (strongest) to 4.
ACE rs1799752: Level 2A · replicated. Efficacy: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Heart Failure. 7.
ACE rs4291: Level 3. Efficacy: Alzheimer Disease. 1.
ACE2 rs2106809: Level 3. Efficacy: Hypertension. 1.
AGTR1 rs5186: Level 3. Efficacy: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2. 1.
Studies of how well it worked in people carrying a variant.
Study findings and evidence levels: PharmGKB (CC BY-SA 4.0). Guidelines: CPIC and DPWG, as bundled in PharmCAT. Most studies were done mainly in people of European ancestry.
More drugs from the same category
ACE Inhibitors (class) (ACE Inhibitors)
Not a prescribing recommendation. This page is educational information about pharmacogenomic research and clinical guidelines - it is not medical or dosing advice, and not a prediction of how any medication will work for you. Never start, stop, or change a medication or dose based on it; talk to your doctor or pharmacist, who can order clinical-grade testing if appropriate.
Content updated September 2026.
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